كبرياء

كبرياء

I.D.G

كانت تتضور جوعا عندما وصلت الى ذلك المقهى الراقي في عمان الغربية للقاء احدى صديقاتها القديمات. لم يكن في جيبها الا سبعة دنانير ذلك اليوم و لذلك عندما سئلت عما تريد أن تشرب، ردت بأنها قد أكلت و شربت من وقت قصير و أنها على عجلة من أمرها و لن تمكث سوى عدة دقائق. لكنها لم تقدر أن تمنع لعابها من السيلان عندما اشتمت رائحة الجبن اللذيذ الصاعد من طبق البيتزا الذي طلبته صديقتها. و أثناء الحديث الواثق المصطنع بدأت تفشل في نطق بعض الاصوات نتيجة مظهر و رائحة و صوت الخبز المقرمش المحشو بالجبنة الطرية و هو بين أسنان صديقتها. لقد تحول فمها الى نبع دافق. توقفت للحظة محاولة بلع ريقها ثم اعتذرت و انصرفت.

Pride by I.D.G

Pride

By: I. D. G

She was starving when she arrived at the exquisite coffee shop in the West of Amman to meet one of her old friends. She only had JD 7 that day. When she was asked what she wanted to drink, she said that she had already eaten and drunk and she was only there for few minutes as she was in a hurry. She salivated when she smelt the aroma of that sweet delicious pizza her friend had ordered. The sides of the pizza were crispy and stuffed with succulent cheese. During her fake confident small-talk, she started to find it very difficult to pronounce some sounds as the look, smell and sound of those crispy bites were so mouth-watering. Her moth turned into a flowing spring. She paused for a while, tried to swallow her saliva and then apologised and left. 

In response to translators-creators (free translators)

“Every word I write is like a drop of my blood. If it's flowed passionately and long, I need time to recover from the emotion spent before I begin a new story. My characters are aspects of my life. I have to respectfully and carefully move between them.”
― Red Haircrow

One of Those Days by I.D.G (ME):

استيقضت على حلم مفزع.

أدرت وجهي لليسار و تفلت ثلاث مرات مستعيذا من الشيطان الرجيم.

نهضت من فراشي الدافئ و بخطوات ثقيلة توجهت نحو باب الحمام.

مددت يدي و أمسكت بمقبض الباب البارد و أدرته مع عقارب الساعة و دفعت الباب للأمام فأصدر صريرا مزعجا- لا بد من تزييته بأقرب فرصة. نظرت في المراة و تثائبت بينما كنت أحاول تحسس طول شعر لحيتي. نفخت في راحة يدي فلم أتحمل رائحة نفسي الكريهة. مددت يدي الى فرشاة الأسنان و لسوء حظي وقعت على الارض الرطبة. توقفت لبرهة و تساءلت: أأستعملها أم أستبدلها بأخرى جديدة؟

تزحلقت ووقعت على الارض و ندبت حظي العاثر و بكيت، ثم عدت الى الفراش ولم أذهب لعملي ذلك اليوم.

This video might help but you should read the book

 

Chapter Six

 After reading the chapter, I expect you to understand the following concepts:

1. Morpheme: free, bound, inflectional and derivational with examples
2. Types of dictionaries
3. One example of componential analysis
4. Synonymy vs. antonymy vs. hyponymy
5. Abbreviation vs. Acronyms
6. You should cover all aspects of Deixis in detail

 

محاور الامتحان الشامل 2016

     

Jadara University

Department of English Language and Literature

Comprehensive Exam 2016

Major subject areas for the comprehensive exam 2016:

A.  Linguistics

1.      Advanced Grammar

Qurik, R. & Geenbaum, S. (1973). A University Grammar of English. Harlow: Longman.

2.      General Linguistics

Mayer, C. (2009). Introducing English Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP.

3.      Phonology

Roach, P. (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology: A practical Course (4^th Edition). Cambridge: CUP.

4.      Applied Linguistics

Lightbown, P. & Spada, N. (2013). How Languages are Learned (4^th Edition). Oxford: OUP.

Ps. There will be six questions from all or any of the fields above and you will be asked to answer only three

                  B. Literature

1.      16^th Century British Poems or Plays

2.      19^th Century American Novels

3.      Modern Literary Theory

References for B:

The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Volumes 1 and 2 (8^th Edition)

The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Volumes 1 and 2 (8^th Edition)

Hans Berton. Literary Theory

Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: An Introduction

Ps. There will be six questions from all or any of the fields above and you will be asked to answer only three.

For students of General Linguistics 2016

In chapter five, you should be able to recognize and discuss the following terms:

1. Sentence vs. clause vs. phrase vs. word
2. Subject vs. predicate
3. NP vs. VP
4. Count vs. non-count
5. Plurals: regular, archaic, borrowed, same form, no-singular
6. Personal pronouns in English: person, subjunctive, objective, reflexive, possessive, indefinite
7. Lexical, auxiliary and modal verbs
8. Open classes vs. closed classes
9. Aspect in English
10. Main vs. subordinate clauses

For Students of General Linguistics

What is Grammar? What are the basic units of grammar? What are variable and invariable words? What are the differences between free and bound morphemes and roots and affixes? Is word-order important in English? What is word-class analysis in English?

Until fairly recent years, many linguists divided grammar into morphology and syntax, but Chomsky and the transformational-generative linguists divided it into morphology, syntax and phonology. Grammar is concerned with the description and analysis of stretches of utterances or stretches of writing and is organised on two dimensions: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. It seeks to discover the grammatical linguistic universals shared by all languages, i.e., universal grammar.

          In the European tradition grammar has been built on the word as the basic unit. But linguists have pointed out that within the grammatical structure of words, smaller units must be recognised. These are called morphemes. Grammar operates between the upper limit of the sentence and the lower limit of the morpheme.

          Variable words are those in which ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms are found, wherein part remains relatively constant and the variations in the other parts are matched by similar variations in other words. In English WALK, WALKS, WALKING, WALKED, CAT, CATS, etc., are variable words. Words appearing in only one form are invariable words, such as English SINCE, WHEN, SELDOM, etc.

          A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself; a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free, in a word. In English CATS, ‘cat’ is a free morpheme while ‘-s’ is a bound morpheme. Morphemes may be divided into roots and affixes; the root is being that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. Root morphemes may be bound or free and they are not limited in number. Affixes are bound morphemes and they are limited in number. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme and some words contain more than one root. In the English word LOVELY, ‘love’ is the root and ‘ly’ is the affix. Bound roots are relatively few, but some are found, such as –ceive, -tain and –cur in receive, retain, and recur. A few English roots have bound and free variants, such as sleep and slep- and child and child- . Affixes may be divided formally into three major positional classes: prefix, infix and suffix. In English re- and pre- are prefixes while –s and –ly are suffixes. English does not have true infixes except in one mode of analysis of some plurals like foot-feet and colloquial Singabloodypore and guaran-damn-tee. Compound words in English may include one or more bound roots as in ‘ethnobotony’ (ethno-botan-y, bound root+bound root+suffix).

          Word order in English is essential to syntax. Changing the word order may change the meaning of English sentences and sometimes can render them ungrammatical. 

The men eat

†Men the eat

The hunter killed the tiger

The tiger killed the hunter

          Word class analysis has long been familiar in Europe under the title PARTS OF SPEECH, and for many centuries grammarians have operated with nine word classes or parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, article, and interjection. Words in frequent use have to be classified under more than one head. The English classes NOUN, VERB and ADJECTIVE are required respectively for words like ‘death’, ‘pursue’ and ‘malicious’ each of which belongs to one class only. Words like ‘work’ belong both to the NOUN and VERB classes. Words like ‘mature’ belong to the VERB and ADJECTIVE classes. Words like ‘choice’ belong to the ADJECTIVE and NOUN classes (choicest flowers; you may take your choice). The English word ‘round’ belongs to five classes:

1.     One round is enough = noun

2.     You round the bend quickly = verb

3.     A round tower = adjective

4.      He came round = adverb

5.     He wondered around the tower = preposition

Word classes may be OPEN or CLOSED; an open class is unlimited in membership, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs in English. A closed class contains a fixed and limited number of members, such as pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions in English.

Source: Robins, R. (1964). General linguistics: An introductory survey.

London: Longmans.